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This book presents a common principle of actions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) from points of view at the atomic, molecular, and cellular levels. At the atomic level, chemical studies of ribonucleic acids explain the chemical behavior of lncRNAs. Structural biological analysis of lncRNAs and its binding proteins also reveal the precise mechanisms of their actions. Molecular biological approaches lead to insights into molecular mechanisms of these lncRNA actions. At the cellular or individual level of analysis, we grasp the biology and medicine of lncRNAs. These three layers of approaches are thoroughly new and produce novel insights into functions of lncRNAs in living cells. The book consists of five parts: 1) Bioinformatics and other methodologies for lncRNAs, 2) Atomic and molecular structures of lncRNAs, 3) Molecular functions of lncRNAs, 4) Biological actions of lncRNAs, and 5) Potential outcomes for clinical medicine. These sections connect well and work synergistically. The book is for researchers whose specialty is RNA biology and chemistry and also for advanced students at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Readers can grasp the leading edge of lncRNA studies in a comprehensive manner and are inspired to pursue their own particular interests.

Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- Human genetics --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- genen --- nucleïnezuren --- organische chemie --- medische genetica --- cytologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- histologie

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This book summarizes microRNA (miRNA) biology in a variety of pathological processes, emphasizing the significant potential applications of miRNA in diagnostics and prognostics, as well as novel drug targets. The conventional techniques used for miRNA detection including standard PCR, Northern blotting, microarray and clone methods are addressed. Recent emerging strategies in miRNA detection and quantification with superior flexibility and adaptability, such as novel molecular biological techniques and locked nucleic acid (LNA) modified probes, as well as nanotechnology-based approaches, are also included. The book also highlights the latest advances in clinical-related miRNA detection methods in living cells, circulating blood and tissue, such as in situ hybridization (ISH) and molecular imaging techniques, which are useful to elucidate the biogenesis and biological function of miRNAs in vivo. Finally, the respective advantages and drawbacks of various detection techniques in this fast-moving field are discussed, along with the challenges and promising new directions. This book offers a valuable resource for analytical chemists, biologists and physicians involved in miRNA research. Dr. Xueji Zhang and Dr. Haifeng Dong are Professors at the School of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing (USTB), China. Dr. Yaping Tian is a Professor at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical School, China.

Analytical chemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- Molecular biology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- organische chemie --- analytische chemie --- oncologie --- genetische manipulatie --- gentherapie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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This book explores the double coding property of DNA, which is manifested in the digital and analog information types as two interdependent codes. This double coding principle can be applied to all living systems, from the level of the individual cell to entire social systems, seen as systems of communication. Further topics discussed include the ubiquitous problem of logical typing, which reflects our inherent incapacity to simultaneously perceive discontinuity and continuity, the problem of time, and the peculiarities of autopoietic living systems. It is shown that the scientific “truths” that appear to be coherent constructions connecting the scientifically verified observations by the rules of logic are in fact always relative and never absolute.

Philosophy --- Evolution. Phylogeny --- Genetics --- Molecular biology --- Biology --- Biological anthropology. Palaeoanthropology --- Human genetics --- genen --- medische genetica --- biologie --- filosofie --- genetische manipulatie --- Europees recht

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This book reviews the main concepts concerning DNA damage due to environmental carcinogens, the effects of DNA damage on DNA replication using a single DNA polymerase or DNA replisome, and the effects of carcinogens on various cell activities. It also introduces the detailed protocols for bypassing DNA damage. As we know, various environmental carcinogens are produced as a result of industry, agriculture, chemical engineering and vehicle exhaust in our daily life. It has been reported that the environmental carcinogens can be connected to tumors and cancer, directly threatening human health. In this regard, DNA replication is highly susceptible to damage. This book provides graduate students and researchers with an overview of the effects of environmental carcinogens on DNA replication and biological activities in cells. It offers important information for research in the areas of biochemistry, cell biology, medicine, toxicology and public health.

Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- History of human medicine --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- organische chemie --- farmacologie --- toxicologie --- cytologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- histologie

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PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science provides a comprehensive account of the latest trends and developments of omics technologies or approaches and their applications in plant science. Thirty chapters written by 90 experts from 15 countries are included in this state-of-the-art book. Each chapter describes one topic/omics such as: omics in model plants, spectroscopy for plants, next generation sequencing, functional genomics, cyto-metagenomics, epigenomics, miRNAomics, proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics, lipidomics, secretomics, phenomics, cytomics, physiomics, signalomics, thiolomics, organelle omics, micro morphomics, microbiomics, cryobionomics, nanotechnology, pharmacogenomics, and computational systems biology for plants. It provides up to date information, technologies, and their applications that can be adopted and applied easily for deeper understanding plant biology and therefore will be helpful in developing the strategy for generating cost-effective superior plants for various purposes. In the last chapter, the editors have proposed several new areas in plant omics that may be explored in order to develop an integrated meta-omics strategy to ensure the world and earth’s health and related issues. This book will be a valuable resource to students and researchers in the field of cutting-edge plant omics.

Chemical structure --- Organic spectroscopy --- Chemistry --- General biochemistry --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Botany --- Biotechnology --- biosynthese --- massaspectrometrie --- systematische plantkunde --- polypeptiden --- protein-engineering --- biotechnologie --- genetische manipulatie --- eiwitten --- botanie --- planten --- proteïnen --- aminozuren